This is a high yield topic for your forth coming exams and must know from medical perspective. Lets focus on indications and contraindications for NIV. Indications for Non-Invasive Ventilation (NIV) Mnemonic: “COPD CAN Breathe” COPD exacerbation with hypercapnia and respiratory acidosis. Cardiogenic pulmonary oedema with respiratory distress. Chronic respiratory failure (neuromuscular diseases, obesity hypoventilation syndrome, chestRead More
DISEASE CHARACTERISTICS Spinal muscular atrophy Polio Destruction of anterior horn cells and flaccid paralysis Neuromyelitis Optica Anti Aquaporin 4 antibody causing demyelination in white matter of spinal cord. Cervical spine involvement will cause quadriplegia Brown-Séquard Hemi-section Ipsilateral band of hyperesthesia at level of lesion Ipsilateral loss of proprioception below level of lesion IpsilateralRead More
Understanding this distinction is important for proper diagnosis, as it helps differentiate between these two genetically related conditions with similar physical manifestations but differing biochemical profiles. Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism PPHP is caused by heterozygous mutations in the GNAS gene, the same gene responsible for PHP, but only in the paternal allele. Maternal allele of the GNAS gene isRead More
DIAGNOSIS For any neurological emergency first secure airway, check BP and calculate NIHSS. National institute of health stroke scale value > 5 confirms stroke Best initial step: Head CT without contrast to differentiate ischemic from hemorrhagic stroke and identify potential candidates for thrombolytic therapy. If CT head is normal and no evidence of CNS bleed inRead More
Anaphylactic shock is the most severe form of allergic reaction and it is characterized by a combination of the following life-threatening symptoms in patient after parenteral drug administration or vaccine. It can occur within seconds to minutes making it a difficult case to handle. Severe Hypotension: As the blood vessels dilate and fluids leak into surroundingRead More
In the last week before the INICET, focusing on high-yield, often-tested topics can maximize your efficiency. Here’s a prioritized list to help with revision of must do 12 subjects that can be revised in last few days before the exam. Anatomy Head and Neck: Cranial nerves (especially VII, IX, X), triangles of the neck, pharyngeal arches,Read More
The INICET tends to blend image-based questions with clinical vignettes, emphasizing practical application over rote learning. Clinical reasoning, such as interpreting lab values or recognizing syndromes from case scenarios, is prioritized. Also, several questions in the last few papers have integrated basic sciences like pathology and microbiology into clinical contexts, so revisiting integrated concepts may giveRead More
Introduction Nymphomania, as a term, carries a historical burden of stigma and pathologization of female sexuality. Although clinicians today use the more gender-neutral term “hypersexuality,” it is important to approach the topic with sensitivity. Patients may feel shame, embarrassment, or fear judgment, which can prevent them from seeking help. As healthcare providers, it is essential toRead More
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST) Diagnosis, Treatment, and Mnemonics for Clinicians Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, originating from the interstitial cells of Cajal, which regulate peristalsis. While GISTs can occur anywhere along the GI tract, the stomach (60%) and small intestine (30%) are the most frequent sites.Read More
Not a single drop of blood can ever leak from our ventricle to atria in entire life time. During the phase of systole, left ventricle will generate force to send blood into aorta. This will also put substantial stress on mitral valve leaflets but the bicuspid mitral valve leaflets are able to hold their position allRead More
